Education means...? Mcqs

Education means...?

(A) Experience

(B) Change

(C) Behaviour

(D) Change in behaviour

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Guidance and Counseling Service would be introduced in the National Education Policy ______________...?

(A) 1978

(B) 1987

(C) 1972

(D) 1959

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

According to Naturalism, the aim of education is...?

(A) Self Realization

(B) Self Expression

(C) Moral Sense

(D) Universal Education

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

“Democracy and Education /Experience and Education, Art as experience, School and Society, Reconstruction in philosophy, Philosophy of John Dewey” who wrote these books__________________________...?

(A) William Bagley

(B) Jaen Paul Sarte

(C) Maria Montessori

(D) John Dewey

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Progressive education emphasizes learning by ____...?

(A) Reading

(B) Writing

(C) Doing

(D) Enjoying

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What are the basic aims of education of Idealism____________...?

(A) Universal education

(B) Exaltation of human personality

(C) Cultivation of moral values & enrichment of cultural environment

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which of the following were the aims of British education system in Subcontinent__________...?

(A) Promotion of Christianity

(B) Provision of faithful employees

(C) Generation of dependent people

(D) All of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The ideology of education takes it roots from...?

(A) Faith and philosophy of life

(B) Knowledge and reality of life

(C) Discipline and sociology

(D) Unity and anthropology

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

_________is the integral part of any education system in the world...?

(A) Evaluation

(B) Textbooks

(C) Curriculum

(D) Contents

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Who said, “Education is the activity of acquisition of revealed knowledge that has been delivered to us by Prophets__________________”...?

(A) Ibn-e-Khaldun

(B) Al-Ghazali

(C) Shah Wali Ullah

(D) Allama Iqbal

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What were the primary aims of education of Mohammadan Educational Conference___________...?

(A) Promotion of Western Sciences

(B) Improvement of Educational conditions of the Muslims of the Subcontinent

(C) Reformations in the religious education

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What is included in the curriculum of Idealistic Philosophy of Education ____________...?

(A) Ethics, Religion, Logic

(B) Literature, Humanities and Gymnastics

(C) Geography and Fine Arts

(D) All of these included

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which type of education is mostly imparted through correspondence_________________...?

(A) Formal education

(B) Informal education

(C) Non-formal education

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which school of philosophy very strongly advocates that education should be voca­tional in character...?

(A) Realism

(B) Naturalism

(C) Pragmatism

(D) Existentialism

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which pedagogy provide right direction to learner____________...?

(A) Cognitive Pedagogy

(B) Emotional Pedagogy

(C) Critical Pedagogy

(D) Social Pedagogy

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

How many Polytechnic Institutes will be opened, according to the National Education Policy 1992____________...?

(A) 30

(B) 31

(C) 32

(D) 33

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

According to the National Education Policy 2009, Literacy Rate would be enhanced up to _____________by 2015...?

(A) 80%

(B) 86%

(C) 85%

(D) 90%

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

According to charter Act 1813, education was the responsibility of...?

(A) Governor

(B) East India Company

(C) Madarus

(D) Local Government

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In the Islamic Education System what is obligatory for all Muslims in the world_______________________...?

(A) Moral values

(B) Rules and laws

(C) Education

(D) Calligraphy

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Who presented National Education Policy 1972____________...?

(A) Zia ul Haq

(B) Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto

(C) Sir Agha Khan

(D) Noor Khan

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Who said that education is a search for truth...?

(A) Herbert Spencer

(B) Socrates

(C) John Dewey

(D) None of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Who is the writer of the famous book “Educational Psychology____________”...?

(A) Skinner Charles E.

(B) Judd

(C) Peel

(D) J. S. Brook

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

According to modern psychology, all education is considered as___________...?

(A) Self-education

(B) Motivation

(C) Self-expression

(D) Self-discipline

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which of the following educational policy proposed to open National Education Core (NEC)___________...?

(A) 1972

(B) 1977

(C) 1970

(D) 1992

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Finally, the Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, in a National Convention on Education, announced the salient features of the Policy on_______________1998...?

(A) 21-Feb

(B) 22-Feb

(C) 23-Feb

(D) 24-Feb

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Merit would be the only criteria for entry into Higher Education, it was decided in National Education Policy ____________...?

(A) 1998

(B) 1972

(C) 1992

(D) 1969

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Continuing education courses are an example of which of the following...?

(A) Non-formal education

(B) Informal education

(C) Formal course

(D) High school education

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Educational psychology is concerned with the scientific study of____________...?

(A) education

(B) philosophy of education

(C) human learning

(D) teaching methods

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In education, ______ is used to make inference about the learning and development of students....?

(A) Assessment

(B) Evaluation

(C) Measurement

(D) Diagnostic

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The idea of practical learning means education should apply to the...?

(A) Practice

(B) Society

(C) Abstract Knowledge

(D) Real World

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which of the following institutions were set up by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan into his educational movement____________...?

(A) Aligarh College

(B) Madrassa Ghazipur

(C) Madrassa Muradabad

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Adult Education Committee pointed out that illiteracy was high at____________...?

(A) 90%

(B) 80%

(C) 85%

(D) 95%

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which of the following was recommended in the National Education Policy 1978____________...?

(A) Government has not given any attention towards Madaras

(B) The Madaras system has been setup for promotion of Islamic Teaching

(C) Affiliation of Madaras with the Education Boards would be reviewed

(D) All of the above options are correct

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Who said, “Education is the process of development of the mind and the body of man so that he/she eagerly pursues the ideals perfection of citizenship____________________”...?

(A) Socrates

(B) Dewey

(C) Plato

(D) Aristotle

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In the world there is not an educational system which can be better than quality of its_______________________...?

(A) Students

(B) Researchers

(C) Administrators

(D) Teachers

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Spaced repetition, Differentiation and Setting high expectations examples___________...?

(A) Pedagogical method

(B) Pedagogical skills

(C) Pedagogical tact’s

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which of the following techniques is used in educational surveys...?

(A) Tests

(B) Interview

(C) Questionnaires

(D) All of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Education is a process in which knowledge and skills are transferred...?

(A) From a few persons to few persons

(B) From a few persons to a large number of people

(C) From a few persons to the next generation

(D) From a generation to the next generation

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

According to Islamic Education System who is the vicegerent of Allah (Khalifatullah) in the world_______________________...?

(A) Mankind

(B) Family

(C) Man

(D) Animals

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Who said “Education should develop socio-economic efficiency in man to be effective member of society”_______________________...?

(A) Ibn-e-Khaldun

(B) Ibn-e-Sina

(C) Al-Ghazali

(D) Aristotle

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

______ educational includes such learning situations which do not have curriculum, syllabus or certification but typically take place naturally as part of other activities....?

(A) Special

(B) Formal

(C) Informal

(D) None of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Maktab and Madrassa Education system was initiated by the_________________________...?

(A) Christians

(B) Hindus

(C) Muslims

(D) Parsee

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

John Dewey said that education is a purely _______ process....?

(A) Common

(B) Mental

(C) Friendly

(D) Social

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What does the 'zone proximal development (ZPD) signify in educational psychology...?

(A) The period in which learning is more effective

(B) The level of anxiety experienced during learning

(C) The difference between a student’s actual and potential ability

(D) The range of subjects a student can learn independently

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

According to the National Education Policy 1978, how much population consists of special and handicap children_______________...?

(A) 3%

(B) 6%

(C) 4%

(D) 10%

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

According to Sir Thomas Minro Report 1822, the educational facilities were available to the what percentage of the people of Madras_____________...?

(A) 30%

(B) 35%

(C) 33%

(D) 36%

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Education which planned with the particular end in view is called__________________...?

(A) Informal education

(B) Non-formal education

(C) Formal education

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What was the official age for primary education shall be______________...?

(A) 6-10 years

(B) 5-8 years

(C) 8-12 years

(D) 3-6 years

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

According to Plato what was the duration of elementary school education in Athens___________...?

(A) 7-18 years

(B) 10-20 years

(C) 8-16 years

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In which of the following educational policy/Commission, Secondary Education would be Separated from University Education____________________...?

(A) 1959

(B) 1960

(C) 1972

(D) 1992

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which education is also called Distance Education...?

(A) Non-formal education

(B) District education

(C) Formal education

(D) Social education

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What type of educational research does not make accurate predictions...?

(A) Associational

(B) Descriptive

(C) Intervention

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Formal and informal types of education are...?

(A) Supplementary to each other

(B) Opposite to each other

(C) Compulsory for all

(D) For children only

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The education which is confined to educational institutions is called___________________...?

(A) Formal education

(B) Informal education

(C) Non-formal education

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In the National Education Policy 1972 recommended that free and universal education up to Class X for ___________...?

(A) Only boys

(B) Only girls

(C) Both boys and girls

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Electronic and print Media are utilized in the execution of which educational programs________________...?

(A) Non-formal

(B) Informal

(C) Formal

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

When Education was vastly ‘Democratized’ in Greek____________...?

(A) 6th BC

(B) 4th BC

(C) 5th BC

(D) 7th BC

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Goal of all participants benefiting from the interaction comes under___________...?

(A) Cognitive

(B) Collaborative

(C) Behavioral

(D) General

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Etymologically, the term education is derived from the latin roots under which of the following...?

(A) Educare

(B) Educere

(C) Educatum

(D) All of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Curriculum which is necessary (Farz) at all levels of Islamic Education System is the studies of__________________________...?

(A) Quran

(B) Hadith

(C) Sunnah

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The teaching of Quran and Hadith, Tafsir-e-Quran, Usul-e-Din etc are the primary aims of which education system___________________________...?

(A) Greece

(B) Eastern

(C) Christian

(D) Islamic

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

___________ classroom setting, students with special needs learn together with their general education peers...?

(A) General

(B) Cognitive

(C) Behavioral

(D) Integrative

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Sampling technique is useful in data collection because...?

(A) Phenomena under research usually consist of large unit

(B) Usually each and very individual subject cannot be tested or interviewed

(C) It gives representative and relatively smaller group to contact

(D) All of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The purpose of new education policy is to...?

(A) Provide equal opportunity of education to all

(B) Improve the whole education system

(C) Link the education with employment

(D) Delink the degree with education

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What school of thought in educational psychology that was against Structuralism_________...?

(A) Functionalism

(B) Gestalt theory

(C) Psychologanalsis

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Sometimes scaffolding, and the practicality of lesson structure and also meeting of educational goals called________...?

(A) Unit plan

(B) Lesson Plan

(C) Teacher Plan

(D) All of These

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Research Education would be compulsory at_____________...?

(A) Secondary level of education

(B) Higher Secondary level of education

(C) University Level

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Cooperation learning promotes ___________ interactions...?

(A) social

(B) philosphical

(C) both

(D) none of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What is the primary objective of educational policy analysis and development...?

(A) Enhancing teacher salaries

(B) Increasing administrator tasks

(C) Improving educational out comes equity

(D) Reducing student enrolment

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In Islamic system of education the type of curriculum that can be recommended is...?

(A) Rigid curriculum

(B) Restricted curriculum

(C) Flexible curriculum

(D) Hidden curriculum

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Curriculum which is essential (farz) at all levels of education in Islamic context is...?

(A) Studies of Quran and Sunnah

(B) Physics and Chemistry

(C) Engineering and Technology

(D) None

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

__________ observation and surveys comes in descriptive research...?

(A) Naturalistic

(B) non Naturalistic

(C) both

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

An Education Conference in 1977 was held at______________...?

(A) Islamabad

(B) Lahore

(C) Karachi

(D) Multan

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Matric Tech in 10% Secondary Schools would be introduced in National Education Policy _________...?

(A) 1992 National Education Policy

(B) 1972 National Education Policy

(C) 1998 National Education Policy

(D) 1970 National Education Policy

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In which educational evaluation, complete Judgment is certified______________________...?

(A) Placement evaluation

(B) Formative evaluation

(C) Diagnostic evaluation

(D) Summative evaluation

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Literacy Act would be implemented in National Education Policy ___________...?

(A) 1947

(B) 1959

(C) 1998

(D) 1977

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What is the first element of educational testing elements______________________...?

(A) Test

(B) Measurement

(C) Assessment

(D) Evaluation

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which of the following was proposed in National Education Policy 1998______________...?

(A) University teachers would be awarded extra salaries

(B) 1000 universities would be established

(C) Teachers must be educated PHD at school level

(D) None of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Education should aim at the redirection and sublimation of child’s instincts, was related to ___________...?

(A) Idealists

(B) Pragmatists

(C) Naturalists

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

reduction of existing curriculum load of primary classes______________________...?

(A) Subject Centered

(B) Child centered

(C) Integrated Curriculum

(D) Core Curriculum

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

According to which educational philosophy, socially useful Labour must form the central pivot of the entire school...?

(A) Marxism

(B) Idealism

(C) Naturalism

(D) Existentialism

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Plato said that before the starting of school education, children must spend time with whom for moral education____________...?

(A) Elders

(B) Parents

(C) Peers

(D) A&B

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Educational methodologies is alternative names for teaching __________...?

(A) Tacts

(B) Methodology

(C) Technique

(D) Strategy

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

How many Colleges of Technology will be opened, according to the National Education Policy 1992_____________...?

(A) 20

(B) 6

(C) 8

(D) 10

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Modern concept in Educational Administration is...?

(A) Autocratic Administration

(B) Democratic Administration

(C) Laissez Fair Administration

(D) None of them

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What is the life span of Italian educationist Dr. Maria Montessori_______________________...?

(A) 1870-1952

(B) 1970-2020

(C) 1860-1949

(D) 1846-1932

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Islamic Education system primarily stressed on which thing________________________...?

(A) Discrimination

(B) Equality

(C) Simplicity

(D) Artificial environment

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The function of educational administration and management is ____...?

(A) Instructional task

(B) Non-Instructional task

(C) Both A and B

(D) None of them

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In the National Education Policy 1972, military training become mandatory for_______________...?

(A) Boys

(B) Old

(C) Girls

(D) Boys and girls

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which of the following National Education Policy Linked Scientific and Technical Education______________...?

(A) First Educational Conference 1947

(B) Education Commission 1959

(C) National Education Policy 1972

(D) National Education Policy 1978

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Rousseau advocated an educational method which consisted of removing the child from ____...?

(A) School

(B) Burden

(C) Society

(D) Past memory

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Benjamin Bloom developed a framework that categorizes educational goals into distinct areas. This classification is based on ______...?

(A) Different teaching techniques

(B) Hierarchical levels of learning objectives

(C) Types of classroom environments

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Tarbiyyah, Talim and Tadeeb altogether are the meaning of education according to _____...?

(A) Islamic view

(B) Arabian view

(C) Persian view

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Administration means...?

(A) To look after

(B) To protect

(C) To run

(D) To establish

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Classroom regulation is another name is_________________________...?

(A) administration

(B) direction

(C) Classroom Management

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which one the following refers to the methods and strategies used by educators to maintain a helping classroom learning environment...?

(A) Homework Assignment

(B) Student Assessment

(C) Classroom Management

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Social interaction comes under____________ assessment...?

(A) Summative

(B) Placement

(C) Formative

(D) Oral

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

According to Plato what is the primary function of education is to develop_____________________...?

(A) Power of thinking

(B) Reflection of personality

(C) Real state creation

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Masjid Maktab School Scheme was introduced in National Education Policy _____________...?

(A) 1998

(B) 1992

(C) 1947

(D) 1978

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The Holy Prophet (SAW) delivered his instruction to women to a week...?

(A) Once

(B) Twice

(C) Thrice

(D) None

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which of the educationists “Man is superior to all other creatures by virtue of knowledge________________...?

(A) J. S. Mill

(B) Karl Marx

(C) Al-Ghazali

(D) Al-Mawardi

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Education discipline in Pakistan reflects...?

(A) Ideology of Pakistan

(B) Vocational Education Only

(C) Professional Education

(D) None

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Who said, “the purpose of formal education is to make students active and constructive members of society_________________”...?

(A) Ibn-e-Sina

(B) Al-Ghazali

(C) Ibn-e-Khaldun

(D) Crow and Crow

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Preparation, Action, Reflection, Demonstration and Celebration step of_____________...?

(A) Blended Learning

(B) Service learning

(C) Literal Learning

(D) None

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Who described that education should enable an individual to live in harmony with his surroundings. This process will ensure his/her health and happiness____________...?

(A) Idealists

(B) Naturalists

(C) Realists

(D) None of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

__________________________centered curriculum encourages students to find their passions and paths in education and follow them, resulting in students’ gaining their structures of knowledge...?

(A) Subject

(B) Student

(C) Both

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Deductive reasoning informally called a _________ approach....?

(A) Top-down

(B) Down-top

(C) X-Y

(D) 0.10

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The Ideology of education takes its roots from_________________________of life...?

(A) Knowledge

(B) Reality

(C) Faith and philosophy

(D) Anthropology

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What was proposed in the Educational Conference 1947, the foundation of education will be_______________...?

(A) Mass development

(B) Economical development

(C) Ideology of Pakistan

(D) Down to upward development

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In ancient times most of the education was achieved through ____________...?

(A) Orally

(B) Written

(C) Printed

(D) Lectures

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which of the following were nationalized according to the National Education Policy 1972-80_____________...?

(A) Private schools and colleges

(B) Universities

(C) Colleges

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

We use simulation as teaching technique in...?

(A) Short answers

(B) Completion items

(C) Performed items

(D) Matching items

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Education as an optional subject for was included in matric and inter in which education policy...?

(A) 1970

(B) 1972

(C) 1974

(D) 1976

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Education planned with a particular end in view is...?

(A) Formal education

(B) Informal education

(C) Both A and B

(D) None

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Who defined education as a manufacturing, enterprise which produced men capable of performing social liabilities_____________________...?

(A) John Dewey

(B) Comenius

(C) Robert Franklin

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In the education system of the Muslims_______________________...?

(A) Religious education is the focus of the educative process

(B) The concept of universalism in education is given importance

(C) The all round development of the students is seriously consent important

(D) All of the following

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The success of integrated education depends on...?

(A) The support of community

(B) The excellence of text-book

(C) The highest quality of teaching-learning material

(D) The attitudinal changes in teachers

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Who explores possible relationships between education and social pedagogy___________...?

(A) UK

(B) France

(C) British

(D) USA

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

According to Plato, the highest goal in all of education is knowledge of the ____...?

(A) Science

(B) Mathematics

(C) Philosophy

(D) Good

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What was the type of education unable to receive the children of poor people___________...?

(A) Formal

(B) Non-formal

(C) Higher

(D) Informal

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Comenius believed that the aim of Education is _______...?

(A) In the ultimate victory of good

(B) Everything must be thought the senses

(C) To shape the human creature into an image of the Divine

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

first education conference held in____________...?

(A) lahore

(B) multan

(C) karachi

(D) all of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which of the following philosophies regards teacher as a stage manager who has to provide an educational environment___________...?

(A) Naturalism

(B) Idealism

(C) Realism

(D) Pragmatism

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Who said, “Education is the activity of integrated and gradual development of individual’s abilities__________________”...?

(A) Pestalozzi

(B) J. S. Eliot

(C) J. S. Mill

(D) Ibn-e-Khaldun

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

which education type may also be negative__________...?

(A) formal

(B) informal

(C) non formal

(D) Technical

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

An education system where no curriculum is required is ______...?

(A) Informal education

(B) Formal education

(C) Non-Formal education

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

According to the philosophy of Idealism in education, the subject matter of curriculum should be...?

(A) Mathematics

(B) Science

(C) Physical World

(D) Mind

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In which educational policy Mobile Teacher Training Units would be started___________________...?

(A) National Education Policy 1978

(B) National Education Commission 1959

(C) First Educational Conference 1947

(D) National Education Policy 1992

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The most comprehensive term used in the process of educational testing is called...?

(A) Test Interview

(B) Evaluation

(C) Measurement

(D) Interpretation

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Who was the most influential figure over Greek education system__________...?

(A) Sophists

(B) Plato

(C) Socrates

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Who is the writer of these two books: (1) Education of the man, (2) Pedagogics of Kindergarten______________________...?

(A) Aristotle

(B) J. H. Pestalozzi

(C) Julia Melville

(D) Fredrick Froebel

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Learning is organized by educational institutions but non-credential refer to which type of education...?

(A) Informal

(B) Non-formal

(C) School-based

(D) Formal

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Child should be given negative education’, it was recommended by which philosophy___________...?

(A) Naturalism

(B) Idealism

(C) Existentialism

(D) None of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

National Students Center would be established in National Education Policy ____________...?

(A) 1989

(B) 1978

(C) 1947

(D) 2020

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The idea of practical learning means education should apply to the___________...?

(A) practice

(B) society

(C) abstract knowledge

(D) real world

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In early Athenian education the “paidagogos” was a...?

(A) Foreigner

(B) Slave

(C) Teacher

(D) Writer

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

National Education Policy 1970 was headed by whom____________...?

(A) Air Martial Noor Khan

(B) Zia ul Haq

(C) Z. A. Bhutto

(D) Abdul Hafeez Pirzada

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Cybernetics is concerned with concepts at the core of __________complex systems such as learning, cognition, adaptation, emergence, communication, and efficiency...?

(A) performance

(B) understanding

(C) both

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Relations skills such as communication and handling conflict can help us create better relationships in which___________...?

(A) Scientific theory

(B) Human Relation Theory

(C) Z thoery

(D) Y thoery

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Center of Excellence would be established in National Education Policy ____________...?

(A) 1972-80

(B) 1978

(C) 1959

(D) 1992

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

ECE (Early Childhood Education) age group shall be recognized as comprising 3 to___________years...?

(A) 4

(B) 5

(C) 6

(D) 7

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The Realist’s aim of education is...?

(A) Self-realization

(B) Happy and moral development

(C) Spiritual and moral development

(D) Total development of personality

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Who’s view about educational psychology is that educational psychology is the study of psychological aspects of educational situations___________...?

(A) Wilhelm Wundt

(B) Trow

(C) Abraham Lincoln

(D) John Dewey

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which techniques are most used in Educational Research...?

(A) Questionnaire

(B) Interview

(C) Observation

(D) Sociometry

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

According to John Dewey, school is a ________ institution and education is a ___________....?

(A) Social, Social

(B) Social, Philosophical

(C) Philosophical,philosophical

(D) None of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Philosophy of Essentialism in education based on content and___________...?

(A) Teacher centered

(B) Students centered

(C) Content centered

(D) All of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

For the enforcement of the National Education Policy 1978 ____________plans were developed...?

(A) Fifth Five-year

(B) Fourth Five-year

(C) Third Five-year

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The real goal of education should be...?

(A) Securing a certificate

(B) Acquiring skills, habits and knowledge

(C) Training to make a living

(D) Mastery of subject matter

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Among all of these philosophers which is as accepted and commented upon by historians, Jurists, Theologians, Politicians, Economists, Teacher, Educator, and Environmentalists alike________________________...?

(A) Imam Al-Ghazali

(B) Ibn-e-Khaldun

(C) Aveecina

(D) Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Evaluation assessment is also near to____________...?

(A) Diagnosis

(B) Summative

(C) evaluation

(D) Placement

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

When did Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto presented National Education Policy 1972_______________...?

(A) 15-Mar

(B) 16-Mar

(C) 17-Mar

(D) 18-Mar

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Where is First Educational Conference held at________________...?

(A) Lahore

(B) Multan

(C) Islamabad

(D) Karachi

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In the Maktab Sir Syed Ahmad Khan got education of which subjects______________________...?

(A) Oriental languages Arabic, Persian

(B) Urdu, Religion

(C) Arithmetic

(D) All of the following subjects

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Philosophy of education which emphasizes everlasting reality:...?

(A) Perennialism

(B) Essentialism

(C) Progressivism

(D) Deconstructionism

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Who is the famous philosopher that conveyed his educational philosophy through his famous novel, “Emile”____________...?

(A) John Locke

(B) Pestalozzi

(C) John Dewey

(D) Rousseau

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

British Education system in Subcontinent divided into how many periods___________...?

(A) 6

(B) 7

(C) 5

(D) 4

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

“Learning to do by doing” is the definition of education by whom____________________...?

(A) F. Froebel

(B) John Dewey

(C) Pestalozzi

(D) Ibn-e-Khaldun

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What is the place of principal in an edu­cational institute...?

(A) Owner of the school

(B) Founder of the school

(C) Manager of the school

(D) Overall head of the school

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

According to Maulana Maududi secondary education should comprised how many years according to Maulana Maududi_____________________...?

(A) Two

(B) Three

(C) Four

(D) Six

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The central focus perennial education is on _____ because it enables the individuals to be coupling with the situations....?

(A) Thinking

(B) Social development

(C) Personal development

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

According to which National Education Policy, about 100 supplementary readers would be provided to each new primary school______________...?

(A) 1947

(B) 1972

(C) 2010

(D) 1978

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Every system of education is based on______________...?

(A) Ideology of nation

(B) Social development

(C) Intellectual development

(D) Skill development

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

According to Dewey, education is a _____...?

(A) Social need

(B) Personal need

(C) Status need

(D) Financial need

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Marxist educational philosophy is closer to ____...?

(A) Realism

(B) Idealism

(C) Naturalism

(D) Pragmatism

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which of the following Philosopher declared “Education as experience”__________________...?

(A) Plato

(B) Johnn Heinrich Pestalozzi

(C) John Dewey

(D) J. S. Mill

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Vocational Training Schools at District Headquarter would be opened in National Education Policy ___________...?

(A) 1998

(B) 2000

(C) 2019

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In Perenialism, which education is the diluted part of the curriculum__________...?

(A) Social studies

(B) Mathematics

(C) Vocational education

(D) All of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In his presidential address the education minister in the first Educational Conference said___________________...?

(A) Biases are fatal for Pakistan

(B) The citizens should know the social rights and duties

(C) We should be proud of being Pakistani

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Plato’s philosophy mostly stressed education as a means of preserving the___________...?

(A) Body

(B) Mind

(C) State

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The process of education which refers to the education that happens outside of the context of a formal structured educational institution_______________________...?

(A) Formal

(B) Informal

(C) Non-formal

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

“Educational Psychology often defines both a science and as well as an art.” Is it true__________...?

(A) No

(B) Partially agree

(C) Fully disagree

(D) Yes

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What is the name of the first Islamic educational center in the plains of Koh-e-Safa_______________________...?

(A) Dars-e-Nizami

(B) Dar-E-Arqam

(C) Masjid Nabvi

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which Philosophy has the aim of Education is to develop mind and soul___________...?

(A) Realism

(B) Idealism

(C) Pragmatism

(D) None of the these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Who defines the aims of education in the following words: “the aims of education is the formation of complete man, skilled in art and industry”, then the development of the whole man, physically, morally and intellectually___________...?

(A) Milton

(B) Rabelais

(C) Shakespeare

(D) None of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Karl Mager was __________educationalist...?

(A) Greek

(B) German

(C) Ancient

(D) French

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Present-day philosophy of education lays emphasis upon the adjustment of the whole individual on _____ adjustment....?

(A) Correctly

(B) Socially

(C) Politically

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Education comes through the contact of man with things is called___________...?

(A) Social Realism

(B) Humanistic Realism

(C) New Realism

(D) None of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The third period of British Education System in India ranges from____________...?

(A) 1855-1860

(B) 1854-1905

(C) 1864-1905

(D) 1854-1910

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

According to perrenialism, Education is not imitation of life but__________...?

(A) Preparation for it

(B) Preparation for education

(C) Preparation for exmas

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Who said, “Education means to recognize God and understanding Self_______________”...?

(A) Allama Iqbal

(B) Shah Wali Ullah

(C) Al-Ghazali

(D) None of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

It was proposed in which Educational policy of Pakistan that nearly 13000 new primary schools would be opened mainly in the rural areas__________________...?

(A) New Education Policy 1970

(B) Education Commission 1959

(C) Fire educational conference 1947

(D) National Education Policy 1978

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which of the following is/are the aspects of educational evaluation in the teaching-learning process...?

(A) Content

(B) Learning objectives and activities

(C) Evaluation procedures

(D) All of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Industrial Homes for women should be established. This was the proposition of which educational policy______________...?

(A) Educational Policy of 2003

(B) First Educational Conference 1947

(C) First Educational Council 1959

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

national education policy 1978 held in___________...?

(A) lahore

(B) karachi

(C) islambad

(D) none of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

It was proposed in which educational policy of Pakistan that nearly 12000 existing schools would be equipped with necessary things_____________...?

(A) National Education Policy 1978

(B) National Education Policy 1972

(C) National Education Policy 1992

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

According to Ibn-e-Sina and Imam Ghazali the child education must start from which subject________________________...?

(A) Mathematics

(B) Science

(C) Fiqa

(D) Quran

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Realism in education and it dominated the education thought and practice in___________...?

(A) 16th century

(B) 17th century

(C) 18th century

(D) None of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

National Education Association (NEA) belongs to...?

(A) Pakistan

(B) United Kingdom

(C) United States of America

(D) India

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In _________ learning process the instruction begins with specific....?

(A) Deductive teachings

(B) Subjective teachings

(C) Inductive teachings

(D) Objective teachings

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What was the chief aim of education to Sir Syed Ahmad_______________________...?

(A) Welfare of the individual

(B) Welfare of the society

(C) Welfare of the world

(D) Both A&B

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

System of Assessment of Teacher’s Performance would be introduced in National Education Policy ________________...?

(A) National Education Policy 1998

(B) Education Commission 1959

(C) National Education Policy 1972

(D) None of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The most important thing to keep in mind for a teacher according to Realism in education is...?

(A) The value and significance of what is taught

(B) The nature of the child

(C) The method of teaching

(D) Organization of the content to be taught

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Play way method of teaching has been emphasized in the scheme of the education of _____...?

(A) Realists

(B) Naturalists

(C) Pragmatists

(D) Existentialists

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Sir Syed considered which education necessary for the social change and progress of Muslims_________________________...?

(A) Arabic

(B) Traditional

(C) Persian

(D) Western

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Profession means...?

(A) Job

(B) Duty

(C) Service

(D) Work

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The purpose of basic education scheme is...?

(A) Universalization of primary education

(B) To vocationalise the education

(C) To fulfil basic need of persons through education

(D) To make education compulsory for all

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which is not the element if educational process...?

(A) Aims

(B) Curriculum

(C) Evaluation

(D) Motivation

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

AL-GHAZALI was_________________________a/an educationist...?

(A) Iranian

(B) Persian

(C) Greece

(D) A&B

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

“A problematic act carried to completion in its natural setting” is related to which philosophy of education ____________...?

(A) Pragmatism

(B) Perenialism

(C) Existentialism

(D) None of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Curriculum and ________________________May take on different meanings based on the purpose or interpretation whether political, social, or educational...?

(A) Instruction

(B) Guide

(C) Counselling

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Islamic Education System should aim at the balanced growth of total personality of man through what kind of training________________________...?

(A) Rational self

(B) Spirit and intellect

(C) Feeling and bodily senses

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Pragmatism uses which methods to solve the educational problems___________...?

(A) Project method

(B) Lecture method

(C) Recitation method

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What is the primary aim of Educational Psychology...?

(A) To contribute to as understanding of sound educational practices

(B) To provide the academic background essential for effective teaching

(C) To provide a theoretical framework for education research

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Educational psychology is concerned with the scientific study of ____...?

(A) Education

(B) Philosophy of Education

(C) Human Learning

(D) Teaching Methods

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What is called education acquired without any specific purpose, fixed period and place...?

(A) Formal Education

(B) Informal Education

(C) Indirect Education

(D) Individual Education

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Elements of educational process include...?

(A) Aims, Curriculum, Medium, Philosophy

(B) Aims, Curriculum, Philosophy, Administration

(C) Aims, Curriculum, Pedagogy, Medium

(D) Aims, Curriculum, Pedagogy, Evaluation

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The Islamic Education System put emphasis on the development of which thing of a person_______________________...?

(A) Soul

(B) Spirit

(C) Knowledge

(D) Whole personality

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which style of philosophy holds/explore the view “What is the Purpose of creation of man___________”...?

(A) Prescriptive philosophy

(B) Analytical philosophy

(C) Speculative philosophy

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What is the basic element of Education system...?

(A) Student

(B) Assessment

(C) Instructor

(D) Curriculum

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which is not a type of communication channel...?

(A) Speaking

(B) Listening

(C) Reading

(D) Thinking

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which of the following was proposed in National Education Policy 1978_______________...?

(A) Government would train the handicaped individuals

(B) Government would support the organizations for welfare of the handicaped individuals

(C) Government would prepare plans for handicaped individuals

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which of the following was decided in National Education Policy 1972________________...?

(A) Fee would be waived till tenth class from October 1974

(B) Free of charge education till matriculation

(C) People’s University would be setup

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Aims of education are determined by human being for the good of the...?

(A) Society

(B) Individual

(C) Both A and B

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What is the Fourth element of educational testing elements______________________...?

(A) Test

(B) Measurement

(C) Assessment

(D) Evaluation

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Educational program of Rousseau was for the people of ______________________...?

(A) Poor middle class only

(B) Lower class only

(C) Upper class only

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which of the following was the salient features of National Education Policy 1998______________...?

(A) Opportunities for Higher Education would be increased

(B) Facilities would be provided to Universities for opening of new campuses

(C) International standard would be maintained at graduation level

(D) All of the above options are correct

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

An aspect of pragmatism is experiential learning, which says, education should come through...?

(A) Experience

(B) Practice

(C) Knowledge Observations

(D) None

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The primary goal of education according to Bloom's taxonomy is:...?

(A) memorization

(B) application

(C) critical thinking

(D) classification

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

At which date among the following Sir Syed Ahmad Khan presented memorandum to Viceroy about education scheme in local language______________________...?

(A) December 2,1967

(B) August 01, 1867

(C) January 12, 1868

(D) March 12, 1869

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The highest in rank in ministry of education is...?

(A) Education officer

(B) Administrative officer

(C) Secretary

(D) None

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In which philosophy, traditional methods such as direct instruction and Socratic Method are used___________...?

(A) Essentialism

(B) Existentialism

(C) Naturalism

(D) None of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The phrase equal educational opportunities in Pakistan means____________...?

(A) Equal opportunities for all children to have access to education

(B) Equality of type of education available for each child

(C) Equality of education standards for each child

(D) All of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Philosophy and education are the two sides of a coin according to...?

(A) John Dewey

(B) Ross

(C) James

(D) Kant

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In the derivative sense, the term ‘education’ is considered as educare and________________...?

(A) Educere

(B) Eductun

(C) Educiun

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

According to the National Education 2009, Government shall make efforts to provide the necessary financial aids to achieve the __________goals...?

(A) TFA

(B) ECE

(C) EFA

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

According to the National Educational Policy 1972-80, taht Primary education would become universal for girls by______________...?

(A) 1979

(B) 1984

(C) 1974

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The use of technology to enhance learning process in education is called___...?

(A) IT

(B) ICT

(C) Communication Technology

(D) None of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which philosophy of eduation raised the dictum of “Things as they are and as they are likely to be encountered in life rather than in words____________”...?

(A) Perenialism

(B) Essentialism

(C) Naturalism

(D) Realism

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which educationist wanted to pedagogical reform and against the traditional schooling (memorization and recitation)_________________________...?

(A) Plato

(B) J. Heinrich Pestalozzi

(C) John Dewey

(D) Maria Montessori

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which of the following has been asserted about schools by Marxist educational philosophy...?

(A) They should not be mere weapons in the hands of the ruling class

(B) They should function as deliberate instruments of state policy

(C) They should disinterestedly serve society as a whole

(D) They should stand above politics

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Objectives of education under National Education Commission 1959 were...?

(A) Spiritual Values

(B) Ideology of Pakistan

(C) Development of individuality

(D) All of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Distance learning is a significant part of which type of educational programs___________________...?

(A) Formal educational program

(B) Informal educational program

(C) Non-formal educational program

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which of the Evaluation is taken place when we assess student’s permanent learning difficulties in educational learning process_______________________...?

(A) Diagnostic evaluation

(B) Summative evaluation

(C) Formative evaluation

(D) None of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

When did Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto presented National Education Policy 1972_____________...?

(A) 15-Mar

(B) 16-Mar

(C) 17-Mar

(D) 18-Mar

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Perenialism is an educational philosophy of ________________values...?

(A) Old

(B) New

(C) Future

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Education in the widest sense in__________...?

(A) Social pedagogy

(B) Critical pedagogy

(C) Andragogy

(D) None

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The educational program set forth by Rousseau...?

(A) Was directed toward the upper classes only

(B) Was primarily liberal rather than specialized

(C) Excluded moral, religious, and health education

(D) Both A and B

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In which educational philosophy, pupils are engaged in thinking beyond rote memorization__________...?

(A) Realism

(B) Naturalism

(C) Perenialism

(D) None of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which is the most widely accepted method of education, according to the pragmatists...?

(A) Heuristic method

(B) Learning by doing

(C) Lecturing by the teacher

(D) Leaving the child free to learn

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Job Specification means...?

(A) Requirement of job

(B) Nature of job

(C) Scope of job

(D) Description of job

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What was the Spartan of ancient Greek educational system as an extreme form of military boot camp____________...?

(A) Ephebe

(B) Agog

(C) Vocational

(D) Gymnasium

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The purpose of evaluation in education is to ______...?

(A) Encourage competition

(B) Determine the extent of student learning

(C) Increase teacher workload

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In which educational policy proposed Six year free and compulsory education should be provided and should be gradually raised to Eight years in future__________________...?

(A) First Educational conference 1947

(B) Education sector reforms 2003

(C) Education policy 2021

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Who approved the National Education Policy 1992_______________...?

(A) Noor Khan

(B) Syed Fakhar Imam

(C) Fazal ul Haq

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

“Education is the process of development of child’s individuality in the natural environment” who defined education in these words___________________...?

(A) Ibn-e-Sina

(B) Al-Ghazali

(C) Rousseau

(D) Johnn Heinrich Pestalozzi

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Who wrote “Letters of Early Education and The Education of Man”_______________________...?

(A) Ibn-e-Khaldun

(B) William James

(C) Kilpatrick

(D) Pestalozzi

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In Islamic Education system the knowledge may be divided into two broad categories__________________________...?

(A) Learn from experience and experiments

(B) Revealed and acquired knowledge

(C) Scientific and descriptive knowledge

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Universities would be autonomous in finance and administration. It was proposed in which educational policy___________________...?

(A) New Education Policy 1970

(B) New Education Policy 1992

(C) New Education Policy 1972

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Overall, teaching _________ play a critical role in helping educators meet the diverse needs of their students and create engaging and effective learning environments...?

(A) Methodology

(B) Tacts

(C) Strategy

(D) Technique

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What is the most authentic and necessary curriculum in Islamic Education system________________________...?

(A) Quran

(B) Sunnah

(C) Hadith

(D) All of these