What is the Median of 1, 6, 4, 5, 2, 3...? Mcqs

What is the Median of 1, 6, 4, 5, 2, 3...?

(A) 2

(B) 3

(C) 2.5

(D) 3.5

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Prevent of time and devekop reasoning called__________...?

(A) Role Playing

(B) Team Teaching

(C) Group Work

(D) Lesson Planning

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which of the following was recommended in the National Education Policy 1972________________...?

(A) National Book Foundation would be established

(B) An Open University would be established

(C) Mohallah schools would be established

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Adult play to make sense of the world around them, and to find meaning in an experience by connecting it to something already____________...?

(A) unknown

(B) known

(C) Both

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Education Loan Scheme would be started in National Education Policy ______________...?

(A) 1947

(B) 1959

(C) 1998

(D) 1979

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The First National Commission on Education was held in____________...?

(A) 1960

(B) 1959

(C) 1958

(D) 1962

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

English should be taught as a functional subject at Secondary Education. This proposed in which educational policy_____________...?

(A) 1959

(B) 1977

(C) 1988

(D) 1992

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Religion culture and tradition comes in__________...?

(A) Critical pedagogy

(B) Economical pedagogy

(C) Social pedagogy

(D) Financial pedagogy

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

By quadrivium is meant...?

(A) Geometry, astronomy, rhetoric and dialectic

(B) Rhetoric, grammar, dialectic and music

(C) Grammar, geometry, music and rhetoric

(D) Arithmetic, music, astronomy and geometry

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

University Grants Commission (UGC) would be established in_______________...?

(A) 1972

(B) 1974

(C) 1977

(D) 1980

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

if a teacher wants to start a lesson on two-digit multiplication with young pupils, they can use diagnostic assessment to make sure the lesson _____________...?

(A) Formative

(B) Diagnosis

(C) Evaluation

(D) Summative

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In social pedagogy educational means for the prevention and alleviation of__________ misery...?

(A) Economical

(B) Social

(C) Financial

(D) Natural

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

planned with particular end in view___________...?

(A) formal

(B) informal

(C) non formal

(D) Technical

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

After teaching in remedial teaching, a test is administered...?

(A) To ascertain how far learning difficulties could be removed

(B) To identify poor and slow learners

(C) To discover the causes of learning difficulties

(D) To develop instructions

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

According to whom there are two types of good; positive good and negative good. Positive good refers to do good deeds and negative good means to avoid bad deeds_______________...?

(A) Al-Ghazali

(B) Ibn-e-Khaldun

(C) Al-Mawardi

(D) Rousseau

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Plato’s philosophy mostly stressed education as a means of preserving the___________...?

(A) Body

(B) Mind

(C) State

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

A ___________________________curriculum is defined by lifelong learning, student success, digital dexterity, career readiness and new learning paradigms...?

(A) Old

(B) Modern

(C) Both

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

When Education was vastly ‘Democratized’ in Greek____________...?

(A) 6th BC

(B) 4th BC

(C) 5th BC

(D) 7th BC

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

An instrument or technique used in medical diagnosis comes under___________assessment...?

(A) Formative

(B) Oral

(C) Summative

(D) Diagnosis

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

mental readiness to act_______________________...?

(A) perception

(B) set

(C) psychomotor

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Layoff of an employee means...?

(A) Recruitment

(B) Suspension

(C) Retirement

(D) Compulsory retirement

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

make a immediately plan is called__________...?

(A) Technique

(B) Methodology

(C) Tacts

(D) Strategy

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

These are the purposes for which the principles of child study are used in educational psychology...?

(A) Educational objectives

(B) National objectives

(C) Psychological objectives

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which of the following Universities was established in 1851____________...?

(A) Bombay University

(B) Madras University

(C) Calcutta University

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

First time meaning of word literature as it occurred in charter__________...?

(A) 1813

(B) 1833

(C) 1853

(D) 1855

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

According to the principle of division, the subject matter should be divided into different steps so that...?

(A) It can easily be presented to the class in an ordered and systematic manner

(B) Children are motivated to take interest in their lesson

(C) The teacher can use different strategies

(D) Children can learn by themselves

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Bloom's Taxonomy was revised in the year ______...?

(A) 2001

(B) 2000

(C) 2002

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

New Disciplines emerging sciences would be introduced in the public sector universities according to the National Education Policy ___________...?

(A) 1947

(B) 1959

(C) 1970

(D) 1998

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Problematic structures that allowed many well-known ___________figures...?

(A) Philosophical

(B) Psychological

(C) Historical

(D) All

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Any events which contains specific time and __________ called historical...?

(A) space

(B) date

(C) both

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What is the meaning of ‘Back to Basics____________’...?

(A) Promotion of reasoning

(B) Study of great books

(C) Study of nature

(D) Existence has no value

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Game and___________are examples of tacts...?

(A) play

(B) study

(C) both

(D) none of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

___________the process of stepping back from an. experience to ponder, carefully and persistently, its meaning to the self through the development...?

(A) Reflective pedagogy

(B) Congnitive pedagogy

(C) Integrative pedagogy

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The planned interview is...?

(A) Structural Interview

(B) Focused Interview

(C) Group Interview

(D) Panel Interview

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Each of these capacities is developed through and by means of the others by___________...?

(A) Pestalozzi

(B) Dewey

(C) Aristotle

(D) Plato

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Test meant for prediction on certain criterion are called...?

(A) Achievement test

(B) Aptitude test

(C) Personality tests

(D) Non-standardarized test

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What was recommended in the National Education Policy 2009______________...?

(A) In service teachers training in Mathematics shall be given with due attention

(B) In service teachers training in science shall be based on Real Life situation

(C) Teacher allocation plans, likewise, shall be based on schools needs and qualifications of teachers

(D) All of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Positive reinforcement and non-punitive discipline comes in___________...?

(A) Cognitive Approach

(B) Behavioral Approach

(C) Both

(D) None

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which of the following Philosopher who was translated Quran firstly in Persian__________________...?

(A) Ibn-e-Khaldun

(B) Allam Iqbal

(C) Shah Abdul Rahim

(D) Shah Wali Ullah

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

According to Ibn-e-Khaldun traveling is also a means of education. What he promoted for learning more_________________________...?

(A) Lecturing

(B) Study tours

(C) Assignments

(D) Rote learning

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Word simulation means in____________...?

(A) Reproduce

(B) Reuse

(C) Recompose

(D) Reorganize

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Scanning is a reading technique used to find ______...?

(A) Main ideas

(B) Grammatical errors

(C) Specific facts

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Reflexive pedagogy the ____________ of stepping back from an. experience to ponder, carefully and persistently, its meaning to the self through the development...?

(A) process

(B) non process

(C) both

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

A model of teaching is meant for...?

(A) Substituting teachers

(B) Recording students activities

(C) Creating suitable learning environments

(D) Student’s evaluation

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

“Teaching is form of interpersonal influence aimed at the changing the behaviour potential of another” is the view presented by...?

(A) N.L Gage

(B) John Dewey

(C) Thorndike

(D) Piaget

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

How can data be expressed in descriptive research...?

(A) Qualitatively

(B) In verbal symbols

(C) Quantitatively

(D) None

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The commonly used instruments for data collection in survey research are the...?

(A) Individual interview and situational

(B) Standardized test and critical incident technique

(C) Questionnaire and individual interview

(D) Questionnaire and standardized

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

_________psychology emphasis such distinctively human aspects of personality as the existence of free will and freedom of choice and man’s search for unique goals and values to guide his behavior and to give a personal meaning to his existence...?

(A) Transpersonal psychology

(B) Cognitive psychology

(C) Humanistic psychology

(D) None of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The median of the scores 11, 14, 5, 7, 8, 18, 15, 10 is...?

(A) 10.5

(B) 11.5

(C) 12.5

(D) None

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Who said “the proportion of the educated individuals of India, is similar to that of the proportion of the educated individuals in Europe___________”...?

(A) R.V.Prolaker

(B) William Adam

(C) Malcolm

(D) Macaulay

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The educational institutions, libraries, hospitals, and industries store the concerned information by...?

(A) Operating system

(B) Data management

(C) Word processing

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

When a student completes a picture diagram of the assembly of parts of the body, they are using:...?

(A) Analysis

(B) Synthesis

(C) Evaluation

(D) Application

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Madarasa Rahimiaya is located in which city of Hindustan_______________________...?

(A) Bombay

(B) Delhi

(C) Madras

(D) Chinai

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Who were succeeded in Plassy war in 1751___________...?

(A) The East India Company invade the whole of India

(B) The Americans succeeded

(C) The Faraizi Movements

(D) Ahmad Shah Abdali

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Translation Houses at Provincial and Federal Level would be established in National Education Policy _____________...?

(A) National Education Commission 1959

(B) National Education Policy 1998

(C) National Education policy 1992

(D) National Education policy 1978-79

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The literal meaning of audio is __________...?

(A) Watching

(B) Hearing

(C) Both

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The research involved in explaining events of the test...?

(A) Historical Research

(B) Descriptive Research

(C) Action Research

(D) Experimental Research

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

__________include specific objectives and timelines....?

(A) Teacher Plan

(B) Lesson Plan

(C) Unit plan

(D) All of These

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

_________ help to minimize behavior challenges in the classroom are key in a well-managed and organized classroom...?

(A) Teachers

(B) Learners

(C) Routines

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The Useful culture and skills are mainly focused in which philosophy of education____________________...?

(A) Existentialism

(B) Essentialism

(C) Progressive philosophy

(D) Reconstructionism

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Solo means ___...?

(A) Structure of observed learning outcomes

(B) Students of observed learning outcomes

(C) Structure of observed learning output

(D) None

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Teacher asks learners to read aloud in the English class. This way of reading will ____...?

(A) Enable learners to read with correct pronunciation using the punctuation marks

(B) Enable a learner to be a fast reader

(C) Help the teacher to complete the syllabus within the stipulated time

(D) Enable learners to develop reading skill with understanding

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

An educational device where the teacher and students attempt in a conscious, planned and purposeful effort to arrive at an explanation is known as...?

(A) Lecture method

(B) Story telling method

(C) Demonstration method

(D) Problem solving method

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

National Literacy Movement would be introduced/started in National Education Policy __________________...?

(A) 1998

(B) 1992

(C) 1972

(D) 1978

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Investigation of components of consciousness is studied in___________...?

(A) Structuralism

(B) Gestalt theory

(C) Humanistic Realism

(D) None of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Audio-visual material means those sources in which the knowledge is acquired...?

(A) Hearing

(B) Seeing

(C) Sense Organs

(D) Both audio and visual sense organs

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

University Act/Ordinance would be amended in ___________...?

(A) National Education Commission 1959

(B) National Education policy 1972

(C) National Education Policy 1988

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What is the meaning of the word “Educare”__________________...?

(A) To bring up

(B) To nourish

(C) To raise

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What should be done so that the school is to be the guardian of democracy...?

(A) The teachers should have faith in democracy

(B) Lessons on the importance of democracy should be included in the text-books

(C) Eminent leaders should be invited to school to talk about democracy to teachers and the students

(D) Democracy should, actually, be lived in the school

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

A scale of measurement in which intervals on a scale are equidistant but true zero dose not exist is called...?

(A) Ratio scale

(B) Interval scale

(C) Ordinal scale

(D) Nominal scale

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Classroom management creates a set of ______ used in an organized classroom environment....?

(A) Expectations

(B) Past learning

(C) Sequence

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In a clear and concise way comes in___________...?

(A) Tact’s

(B) Strategy

(C) Technique

(D) Method

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Moral philosophies, and political interests are comes in__________...?

(A) Social pedagogy

(B) Critical pedagogy

(C) Both

(D) None

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Who has pioneered The Laboratory School in America_________________________...?

(A) Horace Mann

(B) J. H. Pestalozzi

(C) Julia Melville

(D) John Dewey

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

National Testing Services(NTS) scheme introduced in which National Education Policy________________...?

(A) 1998

(B) 1947

(C) 1972

(D) 1970

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What is the Median of 3, 4, 5, 7, 1, 9, 2, 6, 8...?

(A) 1

(B) 3

(C) 5

(D) 7

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Cluster Center Schools would be started in National Education Policy __________...?

(A) 1970-1972

(B) 1978-79

(C) 1998-2010

(D) 1992-2001

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

A _____________________________based curriculum is one that is divided into different subjects like math’s or history...?

(A) Content

(B) Syllabus

(C) Subject

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which of the following activity is considered in the post-active phase of teaching...?

(A) Distribution of teaching strategies

(B) Changing the strategies in terms of evidences gathered

(C) Diagnosis of the learners

(D) Sequencing the elements of content for presentation

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The word "Pedagogy" means ____...?

(A) To guide the child

(B) To lead the child

(C) To educated the child

(D) To understand the child

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Diploma in Education (D.Ed) can be used as an intermediate qualification till B.Ed teachers are available universal, this was decided in which national educational policy _____________...?

(A) National Education Policy 2009

(B) First Educational Conference 1947

(C) National Education Policy 1978

(D) None of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Ethnography one of the most popular __________of qualitative research, involves the researcher embedding himself...?

(A) methods

(B) tacts

(C) both

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Accounting reponsibility was chief recommendation in____________...?

(A) wood dispatch

(B) Lord report

(C) East India Company

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Enlarged students concepts of time and space through projects that involved them in history and geography is_________________________...?

(A) The thid level

(B) The second level

(C) The first level

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Grade XI and XII shall not be the part of the college level and shall be merged into the school level forming part of the existing _________School level...?

(A) Elementary

(B) Secondary

(C) College

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

It was the different opinions between the Company’s officials that one group claimed that the money should be spent on the promotion of Eastern knowledge (Arabic, Persian, and Sunsikrit), these were Orientalists and the other group was in favor of the spreading of the Western Knowledge. What was called the second group____________...?

(A) Occidentalists

(B) Communists

(C) Educationists

(D) Linguistics

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In order to keep himself alive and up to date, a teacher is required to dedicate himself to acquire knowledge at the frontiers of new knowledge. This is required...?

(A) To develop his IQ

(B) To develop his emotion

(C) To enhance his competence in teaching

(D) To enhance his knowledge

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

All financial transaction of the school occurring from day to day is entered in...?

(A) Cash Book

(B) Service Book

(C) Log Book

(D) Stock Book

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The idea such as: ‘you can’t know something that you not experienced” is related to which philosophy of education____________...?

(A) Essentialism

(B) Historicism

(C) Pragmatism

(D) A,B&C

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

How much students were enrolled in the state schools and colleges between 1852-53____________...?

(A) 20 thousands

(B) 40 thousands

(C) 50 thousands

(D) 30 thousands

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Independent variable can not be manipulated, the cause and effect relationship is to be determined in the type of research called...?

(A) Correlation

(B) Causal comparative

(C) Experimental

(D) Descriptive

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Compulsory physical education was stressed in which educational policy______________...?

(A) Educational Conference 1947

(B) Educational Conference 1959

(C) Education policy 1979

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Over time, the students would learn to independently emit __________ for the different parts of a flower, without needing prompts from the teacher...?

(A) Strategy

(B) Tacts

(C) Methodology

(D) Technique

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Brainstorming and passion issue discussed in_____________...?

(A) Literal Learning

(B) Blended Learning

(C) Service learning

(D) None

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Suffa means a shaded area or an area covered by some form of________________________...?

(A) Roof

(B) Walls

(C) Windows

(D) Building

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

College classrooms are usually lecture-style, with students seated in rows facing the professor. College classrooms may also have a screen or projector for multimedia presentations is an example of ________________________...?

(A) direction

(B) Classroom Management

(C) administration

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What is the main goal of the ‘remembering’ level in Bloom’s Taxonomy...?

(A) To reflect facts

(B) To analyse concepts

(C) To apply skills

(D) To evaluate ideas

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Difference between the population mean of two groups have been calculated by a researcher. The most suitable test of significance to be used will be...?

(A) T-test

(B) Chi-square

(C) W2

(D) No test is needed

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The meaning of teaching method is...?

(A) Style Of Teaching

(B) Way Of Teaching

(C) Art Of Teaching

(D) Substitution Of The Knowledge From Outer World Into Child’s Intellect

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Try to understand something new by fitting it what is already known as...?

(A) Organization

(B) Accommodation

(C) Assimilation

(D) Equilibration

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Cognitive _________________________ developed in 1956...?

(A) domain

(B) task

(C) both

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which of the following were the recommendations of the Wood’s Dispatch__________...?

(A) Opposition of Sansikrat

(B) Opposition of the Arabic language

(C) Supremacy of Western Sciences

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Problem solving is dominant method_________________________...?

(A) Subject Centered

(B) Child centered

(C) Teacher Centered

(D) None of These

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

To be effective ____ needs to be something to which the children aspire and want....?

(A) Rewards

(B) Rules

(C) Instructions

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Good reading aims at developing _______...?

(A) Pronunciation

(B) Sensitivity

(C) Increased factual knowledge

(D) Understanding

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which formula is used to calculate the Median...?

(A) (Maximum value + Minimum value) / 2

(B) Mode

(C) (Middle value 1 + Middle value 2) / 2

(D) Mean

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Moods are formed at what stage ...?

(A) Infancy

(B) Adolescence

(C) Adulthood

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

__________ can vary depending on the subject age...?

(A) Tacts

(B) Methodology

(C) Technique

(D) Strategy

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which are the most recommended ways mentioned in the National Curriculum for ECE to assess young children’s performance in the class...?

(A) Paper pencil tests and Checklists of children’s progress

(B) Portfolio and Checklists of children’s progress

(C) Anecdotal notes and Checklists of children’s progress

(D) Oral quiz and Checklists of children’s progress

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

A shared vision is of a school is designed and owned by...?

(A) School Head, Teacher and Students

(B) District Education Head, School Head, Teachers and Students

(C) Community, School Leadership, Teachers and Students

(D) Education Leaders and Managers at Province Level

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The American Federation of Teachers (AFT) was founded in...?

(A) 1906

(B) 1916

(C) 1926

(D) 1936

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Teacher training programs both pre-service and in-service started in National Education Policy ______________...?

(A) 1947

(B) 1992

(C) 1998

(D) 1972

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Differentiated instruction is alternative names for teaching __________...?

(A) Tacts

(B) Technique

(C) Strategy

(D) Methodology

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The first American psychological clinic was established by___________...?

(A) Lightner Wit- Mer

(B) Dewey

(C) Skinner

(D) Robert

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Pragma means...?

(A) Thinking

(B) Practical

(C) Working

(D) Valuing

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

“Separate set up for male and female” would be established. It was emphasized in which national educational policy____________...?

(A) 1947

(B) 1959

(C) 1970

(D) 1978

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Last step involved in lesson planning___________...?

(A) Presentation

(B) Application

(C) Recapitulation

(D) All of These

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

_______ is much more open ended and all inclusive than schooling....?

(A) Learning

(B) Reading

(C) Education

(D) Training

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Social pedagogy explores some different concept of____________...?

(A) Pedagogy

(B) Education

(C) Both

(D) None

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Why are curriculum activities used in teaching...?

(A) To assist the teacher

(B) Make teaching easy

(C) To make teaching attractive

(D) To make teaching interesting, easy to understand, and effective

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

When was the Sadler Commission’s recommendations presented____________...?

(A) 1878

(B) 1921

(C) 1919

(D) 1901

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Attitude, beliefs, norms and values are best studied in...?

(A) Observation

(B) Survey

(C) Management

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The word “Philosophy” means__________...?

(A) Love of knowledge

(B) Love of wealth

(C) Love of Wisdom

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which type of research relies on the direct experiences of human beings as meaning-making agents in their everyday lives__________...?

(A) Qualitative

(B) Descriptive

(C) Experimental

(D) Historical

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

School Uniform prescribed in which educational policy_____________...?

(A) National Education Policy 1978

(B) National Education Policy 1998-2010

(C) Education Commission 1959

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Socrates mostly stressed in which excellence____________...?

(A) Educational

(B) Religious

(C) Political

(D) Moral

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

A child has a hundred languages who said____________...?

(A) Aristotle

(B) Plato

(C) Malaguzzi

(D) Plato

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which of the following were the recommendations of Sadler Commission____________...?

(A) Regional languages should be the medium of instruction at secondary level

(B) English language should be the medium of instruction only at the university level

(C) Degree course duration should consist of three years

(D) All of the following

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In Islamic Education system the knowledge may be divided into two broad categories__________________________...?

(A) Learn from experience and experiments

(B) Revealed and acquired knowledge

(C) Scientific and descriptive knowledge

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Between 1823 and 1833 new colleges were opened in Delhi and___________...?

(A) Bombay

(B) Agra

(C) Madras

(D) Chinai

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

National Curriculum Bureau would be established in_________________...?

(A) NEP 1972-80

(B) NEP 1959

(C) NEC 1990

(D) First Educational Conference 1947

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Growth means an increase in...?

(A) Size

(B) Height

(C) Weight

(D) All of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

A holistic approach means to provide ___________...?

(A) support

(B) aims

(C) objectives

(D) all of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

National Council on Adult Education at AIOU would be established in National Education Policy _________________...?

(A) 1999

(B) 1998

(C) 2003

(D) 1978

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Teacher Service Training Academy would be established in National Education Policy ____________...?

(A) National Education Commission 1959

(B) National Education policy 1972

(C) National Education Policy 1978

(D) National Education Policy 1998-2010

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Remembering of previous learned material is a part of________________________...?

(A) Evaluation

(B) Comprehension

(C) Application

(D) Knowledge

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Administration means...?

(A) To look after

(B) To protect

(C) To run

(D) To establish

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In critical pedagogy one of the most dominant called___________...?

(A) Learning

(B) Doing

(C) Participating

(D) Thinking

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

World is changing day by day, it is stated in which philosophy___________...?

(A) Essentialism

(B) Perenialism

(C) Progressivism

(D) None of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

___________________________It is a reliable way by which a teacher can evaluate his or her students’ knowledge of something which he/she has taught them...?

(A) Examination

(B) Test

(C) Measurement

(D) Evaluation

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

After prepare remedial instructions, the next step in remedial teaching is to...?

(A) Remove the learning difficulties

(B) Locate the learning difficulties and its causes

(C) Provide suitable strategy

(D) None of them

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Words pedagogy means___________...?

(A) To understand students

(B) To educate students

(C) To guide students

(D) To learn students

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In America during World War I, the testing of the intelligence of individuals began in...?

(A) Experience

(B) As a whole

(C) Combinations

(D) Groups

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The medium of instruction in Makatab (elementary schools) was_______________________...?

(A) Arabic

(B) Hindi

(C) Greece

(D) Persian

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The Comprehensive Monitoring System would be established in ______________...?

(A) National Education Policy 1998

(B) National Education Policy 1992

(C) National Education Policy 1972

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Maslow considered psychological needs, safety needs and belongingness needs as...?

(A) Esteem needs

(B) Growth needs

(C) Aesthetic needs

(D) Deficiency needs

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

can be used in different __________ is experimental research...?

(A) plains

(B) fields

(C) both

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The idea of Multiple Text Book was introduced in ____________...?

(A) National Education Policy 1998

(B) New National Education Policy 1970

(C) Education Commission 1959

(D) All of these included

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Philosophy becomes Speculative when we have some questions raised in our thinking about ultimate Nature: ___________...?

(A) What does it mean to be?

(B) What does it mean to think?

(C) How are being and thought related?

(D) All of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Who is the writer of famous book “Our Indian Muslims”____________...?

(A) Sir William Hunter

(B) William James

(C) T. W. Arnold

(D) William Adams

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

When Jamaiya Quraveen was established in________________________...?

(A) 859 AD

(B) 860 AD

(C) 862 AD

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Vocational Training Schools at District Headquarter would be opened in National Education Policy ___________...?

(A) 1998

(B) 2000

(C) 2019

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which philosophy of eduation raised the dictum of “Things as they are and as they are likely to be encountered in life rather than in words____________”...?

(A) Perenialism

(B) Essentialism

(C) Naturalism

(D) Realism

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

American approach in teaching methodology emphasis :...?

(A) Teacher

(B) Content presentation

(C) Learning objective

(D) None

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Sub skills in listening, speaking, reading, and writing such. as sound discrimination part of___________...?

(A) Behaviorist-code

(B) Cognitive-code

(C) Both

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The first step in remedial teaching is...?

(A) To give instructions

(B) To identify poor students

(C) To locate the learning difficulties

(D) To use appropriate strategy

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

A written work by a student to demonstrate some literary or linguistic knowledge, is termed as...?

(A) Demonstration

(B) Comprehension

(C) Composition

(D) Homework

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Students grasp very easily the knowledge presented in the form of a...?

(A) Fact

(B) Figure

(C) Graph

(D) Story

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Take a lot of time and money is also __________ of experimental...?

(A) phase

(B) part

(C) both

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Primary curricula from class I-III would be developed in integrated form, it was recommended in the National Education Policy________________...?

(A) 1989

(B) 1978

(C) 1947

(D) 1992

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Concept of meaningful learning through perception was presented by...?

(A) David Ausubel

(B) JS Bruner

(C) Pavlov

(D) Skinner

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

An interview in which questions to be asked from the interviewee are determined in advance is called...?

(A) Open-ended

(B) Closed-ended

(C) Structured

(D) Unstructured

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Education which planned with the particular end in view is called__________________...?

(A) Informal education

(B) Non-formal education

(C) Formal education

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Students focus on learning after comes in classroom when teacher uses __________...?

(A) Tacts

(B) Methodology

(C) Technique

(D) Strategy

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The effectiveness of an audio-visual presentation can fail if the materials are mishandled. Therefore...?

(A) The aids should have specific value besides being interesting and motivating

(B) They should be true and accurate

(C) Proper care is to be taken for minimizing such occurrences

(D) They should suit the age-level of the learners

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Take a lot of time and money is also part of____________...?

(A) Basic research

(B) Applied research

(C) Historical Research

(D) Experimental research

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

“curriculum should compromise on both the rational and imitative sciences for the purposes of balanced and comprehensive personality of the student.” who stated this_________________...?

(A) Ibn-e-Khaldun

(B) Shah Wali Ullah

(C) Aristotle

(D) Pestalozzi

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What Method is used in structuralism school of thought___________...?

(A) Introspection

(B) Natural method

(C) Experimental method

(D) Assimilation

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Historical studies the meaning of __________ events in an attempt to interpret the facts...?

(A) past

(B) future

(C) both

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Reforms are necessary in every walk of life’, it was proposed in___________...?

(A) Idealism

(B) Realism

(C) Reconstructionism

(D) Traditions

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Company commercial monopoly was ___________...?

(A) terminated

(B) establish

(C) both

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

If you score at the 75th percentile on a standardize test, it means that...?

(A) 75% of those who took the test scored better than you did

(B) 25% of those who took the test scored less than you did

(C) 75% of those who took the test scored same or less than you did

(D) You answered 75% of thes correctly

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What is the knowledge, based on the Divine Revelation presented in the Holy Quran, the Sunnah, and all that can be derived from them________________________...?

(A) Revealed knowledge

(B) Acquired knowledge

(C) Scientific knowledge

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The phrase equal educational opportunities in Pakistan means____________...?

(A) Equal opportunities for all children to have access to education

(B) Equality of type of education available for each child

(C) Equality of education standards for each child

(D) All of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

M.A.O high school was established in___________...?

(A) 1875

(B) 1876

(C) 1877

(D) 1878

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Meaningful tasks that involve students participating in negotiating roles, responsibilities, and outcomes part of ____________...?

(A) Collaborative

(B) Cognitive

(C) General

(D) Behavioral

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

According to Bloom's Taxonomy, remembering is a factor of _______ objective....?

(A) Affective

(B) Psychomotor

(C) Social

(D) Cognitive

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Ala Abad University was established in____________...?

(A) 1887

(B) 1900

(C) 1868

(D) 1689

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

National Institute of Educational Research would be established in National Education Policy _____________...?

(A) 1959

(B) 1972

(C) 1977

(D) 1978

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

School management committee was renamed in 2000 as...?

(A) School Council

(B) Parents Teacher Association

(C) Students, Parents and Teacher Association

(D) Student and Teacher Association

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Selection of different media for different students is done in...?

(A) Role Playing

(B) Individualized Instruction

(C) Programmed Instruction

(D) Computer Assistant Instruction

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What do you mean by curriculum...?

(A) Sum total of the annual study

(B) A child learns through curriculum

(C) Sum total of the activities of a school

(D) Indicates the course to be taught by the teachers to the students throughout the year

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Learning as the process of constructing meaning; it is how people make sense of their experience___________...?

(A) Behaviorist

(B) Cognitive constructivism

(C) Both

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Free writing is used as a timed activity to stimulate the flow of ____...?

(A) Ideas and words

(B) Talk

(C) Discussions

(D) Letters of the alphabet

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In course of later developments in the psychoanalytical movement, an association for the development of Psychoanalysis was formed in_________...?

(A) 1900

(B) 1901

(C) 1902

(D) 1903

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The Law of Effect can be effectively used in ____...?

(A) Accelerate learning

(B) Curriculum development

(C) Classroom management

(D) Teaching methods

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

After the higher secondary level, which level of education followed in Pakistan...?

(A) Higher Secondary

(B) Undergraduate

(C) Tertiary

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

After monitoring and assessing the progress of the students, the next step in remedial teaching is to...?

(A) Remove the learning difficulties

(B) Locate the learning difficulties and its causes

(C) Provide additional support and reinforcement as needed

(D) Prepare remedial instructions

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Naturalistic __________ and surveys comes in descriptive research...?

(A) observation

(B) investigation

(C) both

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What was the primary function of Muhammadan Educational Conference_______________________...?

(A) To impart Islamic Education

(B) To popularized western education among the Muslims of Subcontinent

(C) To popularized Greek literature

(D) To moralizing people

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What is the meaning of the ancient Greece word “Ephebe”_______________________...?

(A) Slave

(B) Young man

(C) Educere

(D) Palaestra

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which literary term refers to the feeling of uncertainty or tension that the reader experiences while reading a story...?

(A) Climax

(B) Foreshadowing

(C) Suspense

(D) Flashback

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Cognitive domain developed in_______________________...?

(A) 1955

(B) 1956

(C) 1958

(D) 1959

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

“Useful culture and skill” is s emphasized in...?

(A) Perennialism

(B) Essentialism

(C) Progressivism

(D) Deconstructionism

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

If a student failed in any class what should be done to him...?

(A) He should be kept in the same class

(B) He should be advised to leave studies

(C) He should be given a chance to improve and sent to the next class after he improves

(D) All the above methods are right

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

As Naturalism advocates the educational field by protesting against the training of children into artificial environment, similarly, realism centers the field as a protest against the narrowness of the_________, sophisticated and abstruse curricula...?

(A) Bookish

(B) Empirical

(C) Experimental

(D) None of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In which educational policy it was decided that Instruction of Islamic and Pakistan Studies would be compulsory_______________...?

(A) National Education Commission 1959

(B) National Education policy 1972

(C) National Education Policy 1978

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Curriculum is interpreted to mean all the organized occurs, activities and experiences which students have under the directions of the school, whether in the classroom or not, is said by...?

(A) Stephen Romine

(B) Hilda Taba

(C) John Dewey

(D) Plato

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which are the greatest men in educational history were contemporaries in the 19th century________________________...?

(A) J. H. Pestalozzi

(B) Friedrich Herbart

(C) Friedrich Froebel

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The determinant of teaching skill training is...?

(A) Components

(B) Pupil-teacher

(C) Supervisor

(D) Headmaster

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What does E and D rules mean...?

(A) Efficiency and Duty rules

(B) Efficiency and Department rules

(C) Efficiency and Discipline rules

(D) Effective and Discipline rules

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The records now used in most school systems are of the ___ variety....?

(A) Incidental

(B) Cumulative

(C) Observing

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Rein forcers, punishers, immediacy of consequences are examples of___________...?

(A) Cognitive Learning

(B) Behavioral learning

(C) Both

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Who was the American educationist which established School District Libraries (free)________________________...?

(A) Horace Mann

(B) Willy Loman

(C) Abraham Lincoln

(D) George Washington

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

___________ and cue are comes in teaching tacts...?

(A) Motive

(B) act

(C) both

(D) none of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Critical understanding and meaning is an example of______________...?

(A) Emotional Pedagogy

(B) Cognitive Pedagogy

(C) Critical Pedagogy

(D) Social Pedagogy

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Teacher Training arrangements, accreditation and certification procedures shall be standardized and institutionalized in _________...?

(A) First Educational Conference 1947

(B) National Education Policy 2009

(C) National Education Policy 1978

(D) None of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

According to Plato’s philosophy took education as means of preserving what_____________________...?

(A) The society

(B) The children

(C) The tradition

(D) The state

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Teachers can foster a positive learning environment by promoting respect, empathy, and inclusivity among students included in________________________...?

(A) Classroom Management

(B) administration

(C) direction

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The word “Pedagogy” means...?

(A) to understand the child

(B) to guide the child

(C) to lead the child

(D) to educate the child

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What was the medium of instruction in Calcutta Vidyala College in India__________...?

(A) English

(B) Persian

(C) Hindi

(D) Urdu

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Why students should play games in schools...?

(A) It makes them physically weak

(B) It develops co-operation and physical balance

(C) It helps in passing time

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

All transactions should be entered in which register...?

(A) Fee

(B) Cash

(C) Funds

(D) Withdrawal

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Over a relatively short period of time, in an effort to identify and establish a viable basis for competing is a part of______________...?

(A) Congnitive pedagogy

(B) Integrative pedagogy

(C) experimental pedagogy

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Most modern TV’s draw power even if turned off. The circuit the power is used in does what function__________...?

(A) Remote control

(B) High voltage

(C) Sound

(D) Color balance

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

It was decided in National Education Policy 1992 that out of 20 newly proposed universities, how many universities would be established in the private sector__________________...?

(A) 16 universities

(B) 20 universities

(C) 18 universities

(D) None of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Only thinking process comes in____________...?

(A) Critical Pedagogy

(B) Social Pedagogy

(C) Cognitive Pedagogy

(D) Emotional Pedagogy

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What was the prime mission of Muhammadan Educational Conference______________________...?

(A) To bring political wisdom in Muslims

(B) To bring religious wisdom in Muslims

(C) To bring economical wisdom in Muslims

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Steer means also__________...?

(A) Congnitive pedagogy

(B) Integrative pedagogy

(C) Cybernetics pedagogy

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which of the following was suggested in the National Education Policy 1972-80________________...?

(A) Concession is Fares

(B) Focusing on Pakistani ideology

(C) Equal opportunities of education

(D) All of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

In which educational policy proposed that Science education would be imparted in practical schools__________...?

(A) Sergeant Report

(B) Charles Grant Report

(C) Lord Macaulay Report

(D) Charter Act 1813

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Valuing diversity is included in___________...?

(A) Culture

(B) Tradition

(C) Cultural Competence Model

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

New Discipline Emerging Sciences in Public Universities will be established in National Education Policy ____________...?

(A) 2010

(B) 2019

(C) 1998

(D) 1979

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Contingent leaders are flexible in choosing and adapting to succinct strategies to suit change in situation at a particular period in time in the running of the organization in___________...?

(A) Scientific theory

(B) Contingency management theory

(C) Y thoery

(D) X theory

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Naturalists recommended that sciences should not be taught formally in the classrooms but it should be imparted in the field and___________...?

(A) Through exploration

(B) Through personal experience

(C) Through books reading

(D) None of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Gestalt’ is a German origin word which means__________...?

(A) Whole

(B) Parts

(C) Constituents

(D) Elements

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Aiding knowledge in retention comes in____________...?

(A) Technique

(B) Method

(C) Tact’s

(D) Strategy

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Jamaiya Quraveen (جامع قراویین) is located in________________________...?

(A) Tunis

(B) Tehran

(C) Marakish

(D) Baghdad

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The Philosophy of Essentialism rooted in both Idealism and___________...?

(A) Existentialism

(B) Realism

(C) Naturalism

(D) None of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

How funds in a given period will be obtained and spent is...?

(A) Expediter

(B) Allocation

(C) Budget

(D) Receipt

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

A _____ is the organized pattern of behavior which the child develops when he is engaged in any activity...?

(A) Scheme

(B) Adaptation

(C) Accommodation

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Fiedler’s Contingency Theory is included in___________...?

(A) Scientific theory

(B) X theory

(C) Contingency management theory

(D) Y thoery

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Term ideology mean...?

(A) Science of ideas

(B) Contractive and based view of the dominant

(C) The ideas of ruling group

(D) All of the above

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Education will be free and universal up to class X. This would be achieved in how many phases_______________...?

(A) Two

(B) Three

(C) Four

(D) Five

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which of the following was recommended in New Education Policy 1970_______________...?

(A) A science school will be established in each tehsil

(B) A science college would be established in each Tehsil

(C) The mill owners will arrange the opportunities for providing education to their employees

(D) All of these are included

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

At which date among the following Sir Syed Ahmad Khan presented memorandum to Viceroy about education scheme in local language______________________...?

(A) December 2,1967

(B) August 01, 1867

(C) January 12, 1868

(D) March 12, 1869

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

According to Mark Smith, how many steps are involved in curriculum development...?

(A) 4

(B) 5

(C) 6

(D) 2

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

McDaughall, maintained that all human behaviour could be explained in terms of some...?

(A) Instinct

(B) Punishment

(C) Reward

(D) Incentive

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

___________ studies the meaning of past events in an attempt to interpret the facts...?

(A) Historical research

(B) Experimental Research

(C) Casual Comparative Research

(D) Basic Research

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

The role of teacher as practitioners means...?

(A) Practical implementation of content

(B) Not using methods

(C) To engage the students

(D) Not using the contents

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

____________ around a grammatical syllabus while allowing for meaningful practice. and use of language congnitive code...?

(A) Material

(B) non Material

(C) Both

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

North America presents ___________ transformation...?

(A) Vocal

(B) Local

(C) Social

(D) Internal

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Fundamental theories of Indian Model include____________...?

(A) purushartha theory

(B) panchakosas theory

(C) theory of gunas

(D) all of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

National Service Core would be established in___________________...?

(A) First Educational Conference 1947

(B) National Education Commission 1959

(C) National Education policy 1998

(D) National Education Policy 1972-80

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Holism means ___________...?

(A) oneness

(B) divinity

(C) materiality

(D) all of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Which is performed in the classroom and determines the strengths and weaknesses of students routine wise___________...?

(A) Formative

(B) Summative

(C) Placement

(D) Diagnostic

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

Firstly overseas scholarships were introduced in the________________...?

(A) First Educational conference 1947

(B) Second Educational Policy

(C) Educational Policy 1973

(D) None of these

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

An internal state of mind of a person, which forces to do something and that is aroused as a result of some internal need of the person is called...?

(A) Thinking

(B) Perception

(C) Motivation

(D) Learning

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

formulates the remedial action part of _____________assessment...?

(A) Diagnostic

(B) Formative

(C) Evaluative

(D) Summative

Source: This question is taken from the Pedagogy

What is the “Quadrivium” means____________...?

(A) Arithmetic, music, astronomy, and geometry

(B) Geometry, astronomy, rhetoric, and dialectic

(C) Rhetoric, grammar, dialectic, and music

(D) Grammar, geometry, music, and rhetoric